Theories of Learning (Prof.Ed Note)

Theories of Learning
1. Behaviorism	Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning Learning through association (e.g., Pavlov’s dogs salivating to a bell). B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning Learning through reinforcement and punishment. Edward Thorndike: Laws of Learning Law of Effect, Law of Readiness, Law of Exercise.
2. Cognitivism	Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development Theory Stages: - Sensorimotor (birth–2 years): Learning through senses and actions. - Preoperational (2–7 years): Symbolic thinking, egocentrism. - Concrete Operational (7–11 years): Logical thinking, understanding conservation. - Formal Operational (12+ years): Abstract and hypothetical reasoning. Jerome Bruner: Discovery Learning Learning is an active process where learners construct new concepts based on prior knowledge. David Ausubel: Meaningful Learning Theory Knowledge is best acquired when new information connects to existing knowledge.
3. Social and Contextual Learning	Lev Vygotsky: Social Constructivism Key Concepts: - Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The gap between what a learner can do independently and with guidance. - Scaffolding: Temporary support provided by a teacher or peer. Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory Learning occurs by observing others (modeling). Key Concepts: Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
4. Humanism	Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs Learning is influenced by fulfilling basic needs: Physiological → Safety → Love/Belonging → Esteem → Self-actualization. Carl Rogers: Experiential Learning Emphasizes self-directed learning, personal growth, and the role of the teacher as a facilitator.
5. Constructivism	John Dewey: Progressive Education Learning is experiential and hands-on. Education should connect to real-life experiences. Maria Montessori: Montessori Method Focus on independence, freedom within limits, and respect for a child’s natural psychological development.